LESSON 15
This and That
O1: Lesson Fourteen Review
Review completed Practical Exercise A (L14_praxA_trans) from Lesson Fourteen.
O2: The Demonstratives
The words “this” and “that” are called demonstratives and, in both Greek and English, demonstratives can be used as pronouns or adjectives. For example:
As pronouns: This is that.
As adjectives: This leper rang that bell.
Since they are either pronouns or adjectives, the Greek demonstratives decline like pronouns and adjectives.
The word οὑτος means “this”. The word ἐκεινος means “that”.
O3: Declension of οὑτος
The following table shows the declension pattern ofοὑτος:
Note:
1. There is a rough breathing over the diphthong in the masculine and feminine nominative singular.
2. The endings are the same as ἀγαθος, except the nominative and accusative singular neuter is -ο not -ον.
3. If the ending has an ο or ω, the diphthong is ου; if it has an α or η, the diphthong is αυ.
O4: Declension of ἐκεινος
The following table shows the declension pattern of ἐκεινος:
Note that the endings are the same as οὑτος, including the nominative and accusative singular neuter being -ο not -ον.
O5: Use of the Demonstratives
When used as an adjective, the demonstrative is placed in the predicative position and the noun being modified always has the article. For example, “these lepers” can be written in one of two ways:
οὑτοι οἱ λεπροι
οἱ λεπροι οὑτοι
Unlike the adjectives in the predicate position, however, demonstratives cannot imply the verb “to be”. In other words, the above cannot be read as the complete sentence “This is the leper.” For that idea to be expressed, the demonstratives are used as pronouns. Therefore, to say “This is the leper” or “Those are the days”, the appropriate form of the verb ἐιμι must be used:
οὑτος ἐστιν οἱ λεπρος This is the leper.
ἐκειναι εἰσιν αἱ ἡμεραι Those are the days.
Whenever a demonstrative stands by itself, it is acting as a pronoun in place of an implied noun. If there is no antecedent expressed, with the masculine, the implied noun is “man”; with the feminine, it is “woman”; with the neuter, it is “thing”. Therefore αὑτη means “this woman”, ἐκεινοι means “those men”, τουτο means “this thing”.
O6: The Word ὁλος
The adjective ὁλος means “whole”. It is used in much the same way as the demonstratives. It is placed in predicate position and the noun it modifies takes the article. Thus, “the whole world” is expressed:
ὁλος ὁ κοσμος
or
ὁ κοσμος ὁλος
However, ὁλος, as an adjective, declines regularly like ἀγαθος.
O7: Practical Exercise
See L15 Practical A (L15_praxA_trans). For vocabulary refer to L15 Vocabulary (L15_vocab).
LESSON 16
Automatics
P1: Lesson Fifteen Review
Review completed Practical Exercise A (L15_praxA_trans) from Lesson Fifteen.
P2: The Declension of αὐτος
The following table shows the declension pattern of αὐτος:
Notice that αὐτος declines exactly like ἐκεινος.
P3: The Three Uses of αὐτος
The word αὐτος has three separate uses:
1. As the 3rd person, personal pronoun:
When used as a personal pronoun, αὐτος means “he”, αὐτη means “she”, and αὐτο means “it”. All the plural forms mean “they”, but the different genders refer to groups which are made up entirely of people or things of that gender. When the group is comprised of people or things of different or unknown genders, the masculine forms are used. For example:
αὐτος θεραπευει τους ὀφθαλμους των τυφλων.
He is healing the eyes of the blind.
αὐτη ἐστιν παρθανος.
She is a virgin.
αὐτο ἐστιν δενδρον.
It is a tree.
The genitive forms αὐτου, αὐτης, and αὐτων are equivalent to the English possessive adjectives and pronouns “his/its”, “her(s)”, and “their(s). For example:
Ἰησους θεραπευει τους ὀφθαλμους αὐτων.
Jesus is healing their eyes (the eyes of them).
αὐτων ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεια των οὐρανων.
Theirs is the kingdom of the heavens.
2. As the 3rd person, emphasising pronoun.
When used as an emphasising pronoun, αὐτος is placed in predicate position and means “himself” as in the sentence “Jesus himself will save the world”:
αὐτος ὁ Ἰησους σωσει τον κοσμον.
ὁ Ἰησους αὐτος σωσει τον κοσμον.
3. As the 3rd person identical adjective.
When used as an identical adjective, αὐτος is placed in attributive position and means “the same” as in the sentence “The same Jesus will save the world”:
ὁ αὐτος ὁ Ἰησους σωσει τον κοσμον.
ὁ Ἰησους ὁ αὐτος σωσει τον κοσμον.
P4: The Reflexive Pronoun ἑαυτον
The following table shows the declension pattern of the 3rd person reflexive pronoun ἑαυτον:
P5: Use of ἑαυτον
The 3rd person reflexive pronoun ἑαυτον means “himself”. As a reflexive pronoun it reflects back to the subject of the sentence; it is therefore never the subject itself. As well, because it isn’t the subject, there are no nominative forms of ἑαυτον and it will always be found in the predicate of the sentence.
οἱ ἁμαρτωλοι οὑ σωζουσιν ἑαυτους. The sinners do not save themselves.
ὁ Κυριος ἐπιγνωσκεν τουτο ἐν ἑαυτῳ. The Lord was perceiving this in himself.
P6: The Word ἀλλος
The adjective ἀλλος means “other”. It is declined like ἐκεινος. However, unlike ἐκεινος, it is placed in attributive position after the article. Thus, “the other brother” is expressed:
ὁ ἀλλος ἀδελφος
or
ὁ ἀδελφος ὁ ἀλλος
The reciprocal pronoun ἀλληλους, meaning “one another”, comes from the word ἀλλος. There are of course no nominative or singular forms. The following forms are found in the Greek NT:
Acc: ἀλληλους
Dat: ἀλληλοις
Gen: ἀλληλων
P7: Practical Exercise
See L16 Practical A (L16_praxA_trans). For vocabulary refer to L16 Vocabulary (L16_vocab).
